Understanding Cybersecurity Maturity Model Domains
Cybersecurity maturity models provide structured frameworks for organizations to assess and improve their security posture. These models break down cybersecurity into distinct domains or assessment areas that represent different aspects of an organization's security capabilities. Understanding these domains is essential for organizations seeking to benchmark their current security status and develop strategic improvement plans.
Major Cybersecurity Maturity Models and Their Domains
CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) 2.0
The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification represents one of the most comprehensive approaches to security assessment, particularly for defense contractors and organizations handling sensitive government data. CMMC 2.0 includes 14 domains that map directly to NIST SP 800-171 Rev 2 families.
These 14 domains cover critical security capabilities including access control, awareness and training, audit and accountability, configuration management, identification and authentication, incident response, maintenance, media protection, personnel security, physical protection, risk assessment, security assessment, system and communications protection, and system and information integrity.
The CMMC framework is organized into three maturity levels. Level 1 contractors handle Federal Contract Information (FCI) and must implement 15 basic security controls outlined in Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.204-21. Level 2 organizations work with Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) and must comply with 110 security requirements from NIST SP 800-171. Level 3 represents the highest maturity tier, containing a subset of security requirements specified in NIST SP 800-172 for organizations handling the most sensitive information.
The CMMC program underwent significant updates in 2024, with the final CMMC Acquisition Rule published on September 10, 2025. Phase 1 implementation of self-assessments began November 10, 2025, marking a shift from the previously voluntary compliance model to mandatory certification requirements.
NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.0
Released in 2024, the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 represents the latest evolution of this widely adopted security model. The framework includes six core functions that serve as foundational elements for most maturity assessments: Govern, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover.
The Govern function represents a new addition in version 2.0, emphasizing the importance of establishing cybersecurity governance structures, policies, and procedures that align with business objectives. This function addresses leadership commitment, risk management strategy, and supply chain risk management—areas that have become increasingly critical in today's interconnected business environment.
The Identify function focuses on developing organizational understanding to manage cybersecurity risk to systems, people, assets, data, and capabilities. This includes asset management, business environment analysis, governance structures, risk assessment, and risk management strategy.
The Protect function outlines safeguards to ensure delivery of critical services. This encompasses identity management and access control, awareness and training, data security, information protection processes and procedures, maintenance activities, and protective technology implementation.
Detection capabilities form the fourth function, enabling timely discovery of cybersecurity events through continuous monitoring, detection processes, and anomalous event analysis. The Respond function addresses appropriate activities to take action regarding detected cybersecurity incidents, including response planning, communications, analysis, mitigation, and improvements.
Finally, the Recover function identifies activities that restore capabilities or services impaired due to cybersecurity incidents, encompassing recovery planning, improvements based on lessons learned, and communications during recovery activities.
C2M2 (Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model)
Developed by the Department of Energy, the Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model provides a comprehensive examination of capability gaps, incident response readiness, and resilience-building measures. The model covers 10 domains with four maturity indicator levels, containing more than 350 specific cybersecurity practices.
The 10 C2M2 domains include Asset, Change, and Configuration Management; Threat and Vulnerability Management; Risk Management; Identity and Access Management; Situational Awareness; Information Sharing and Communications; Event and Incident Response, Continuity of Operations; Supply Chain and External Dependencies Management; Workforce Management; and Cybersecurity Program Management.
Each domain contains multiple objectives that organizations must address to achieve higher maturity levels. For instance, the Asset, Change, and Configuration Management domain focuses on establishing inventories of hardware, software, and information assets, as well as managing changes to these assets in a controlled manner.
The Threat and Vulnerability Management domain addresses identifying, analyzing, and responding to cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. This includes vulnerability scanning, penetration testing, threat intelligence gathering, and implementing controls to mitigate identified risks.
CIS Controls
The Center for Internet Security Controls represent another widely adopted framework, consisting of 18 control areas that provide prescriptive guidance for implementing specific security measures. These controls are organized by implementation group, allowing organizations to prioritize actions based on their resources and risk profile.
The 18 CIS Controls cover areas including inventory and control of enterprise assets, inventory and control of software assets, data protection, secure configuration of enterprise assets and software, account management, access control management, continuous vulnerability management, audit log management, email and web browser protections, malware defenses, data recovery, network infrastructure management, network monitoring and defense, security awareness and skills training, service provider management, application software security, incident response management, and penetration testing.
Common Assessment Areas Across Models
While different maturity models use varying terminology and organizational structures, several common themes emerge across frameworks. These universal assessment areas represent fundamental cybersecurity capabilities that all organizations must address regardless of industry or size.
Governance and Risk Management
All major maturity models emphasize the importance of cybersecurity governance structures. This includes establishing clear roles and responsibilities, developing comprehensive security policies and procedures, conducting regular risk assessments, and aligning security initiatives with business objectives. Effective governance ensures cybersecurity receives appropriate attention and resources at the leadership level.
Asset and Configuration Management
Understanding what you need to protect represents a fundamental security requirement. Assessment areas focused on asset management evaluate whether organizations maintain accurate inventories of hardware, software, and data assets. Configuration management assesses how well organizations control changes to these assets and maintain secure configurations.
Access Control and Identity Management
Controlling who can access what information and systems forms a cornerstone of cybersecurity. Maturity models assess identity management processes, authentication mechanisms, authorization controls, and access review procedures. This domain has grown increasingly complex with the rise of cloud services, remote work, and third-party access requirements.
Data Protection and Encryption
Organizations must demonstrate appropriate safeguards for sensitive information throughout its lifecycle. Assessment areas examine data classification schemes, encryption implementation, data loss prevention controls, and secure data disposal procedures. Privacy regulations like GDPR and CCPA have elevated the importance of this domain.
Threat Detection and Monitoring
The ability to detect security incidents quickly significantly reduces potential damage. Maturity assessments evaluate whether organizations implement continuous monitoring, analyze security logs effectively, deploy appropriate detection tools, and maintain situational awareness of their threat landscape.
Incident Response and Recovery
How organizations respond to security incidents determines whether a potential breach becomes a catastrophic event. Assessment domains examine incident response planning, team capabilities, communication protocols, forensic analysis capabilities, and business continuity procedures.
Security Training and Awareness
Technology alone cannot secure an organization—people represent both the greatest vulnerability and strongest defense. Maturity models assess security awareness training programs, role-based training for technical staff, phishing simulation exercises, and security culture initiatives.
Vendor and Supply Chain Security
Modern organizations depend on numerous third-party vendors and service providers, each representing potential security risks. Assessment areas evaluate vendor risk management processes, contract security requirements, ongoing vendor monitoring, and supply chain security controls.
Vulnerability Management
Identifying and remediating security vulnerabilities before attackers exploit them represents a critical capability. Maturity assessments examine vulnerability scanning programs, patch management processes, remediation timelines, and testing procedures.
Selecting the Right Model for Your Organization
Different maturity models serve different purposes and audiences. Organizations working with the Department of Defense must comply with CMMC requirements. Companies in the energy sector may find C2M2 most relevant. Many organizations adopt NIST CSF as a flexible framework applicable across industries.
When selecting a maturity model, consider your regulatory environment, industry best practices, customer requirements, and organizational resources. Some organizations implement multiple frameworks, mapping controls between models to demonstrate comprehensive compliance.
The Assessment Process
Conducting maturity assessments typically involves reviewing documentation, interviewing personnel, observing processes, and testing technical controls. Organizations should approach assessments honestly, as accurate baseline measurements enable meaningful improvement planning.
Maturity assessments generate gap analyses identifying areas where current capabilities fall short of target levels. These gaps inform roadmap development, prioritizing improvements based on risk, compliance requirements, and available resources.
Moving Forward with Maturity Assessment
Understanding the domains assessed in cybersecurity maturity models represents the first step toward improving your security posture. These frameworks provide structured approaches to evaluating capabilities across all essential security areas.
Organizations should view maturity assessment as an ongoing process rather than a one-time exercise. As threats evolve, technologies advance, and business environments change, continuous reassessment ensures security capabilities keep pace with emerging risks.
Whether you're pursuing CMMC certification, implementing NIST CSF, or adopting another framework, understanding assessment domains helps focus your efforts on building comprehensive security capabilities that protect your organization in today's complex threat landscape.
