IP Subnetting Explained: A Complete Guide to Network Segmentation

Subnetting is the practice of dividing a network into smaller networks called subnets. It's fundamental to network design, allowing efficient use of IP addresses, improved security through segmentation, and better network performance.

Why Subnet?

Efficient address allocation: Without subnetting, you'd waste addresses. A small office doesn't need 16 million addresses from a Class A network.

Security isolation: Subnets create boundaries. Devices in different subnets must go through a router (and firewall rules) to communicate.

Reduced broadcast traffic: Broadcasts only reach devices within the same subnet, reducing network noise.

Simplified management: Logical groupings (departments, floors, device types) make troubleshooting and policy enforcement easier.

IP Address Basics

An IPv4 address is 32 bits, written as four decimal octets: 192.168.1.100

Each octet represents 8 bits (values 0-255):

192.168.1.100 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100

Every IP address has two parts:

• Network portion: Identifies which network
• Host portion: Identifies which device on that network

The subnet mask determines where the network portion ends and the host portion begins.

Subnet Masks

A subnet mask is also 32 bits. Ones represent the network portion; zeros represent the host portion.

IP:     192.168.1.100   = 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
Mask:   255.255.255.0   = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
                          |------ Network -----|--- Host ---|

With this mask:

• Network: 192.168.1.0
• Host range: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.254
• Broadcast: 192.168.1.255
• Usable hosts: 254

CIDR Notation

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation appends the number of network bits:

192.168.1.0/24

The /24 means 24 bits for network, 8 bits for hosts. Common CIDR blocks:

Calculating Subnets

Formula

Hosts per subnet = 2^(host bits) - 2

We subtract 2 because the first address (network address) and last address (broadcast) can't be assigned to hosts.

Example: Subnet a /24 into Four Subnets

Starting network: 192.168.1.0/24 (254 hosts)

We need 4 subnets, so we need 2 extra bits (2^2 = 4):

• Original: /24
• New: /26 (adding 2 bits to network portion)

Each /26 subnet has 62 usable hosts (2^6 - 2 = 62):

192.168.1.0/26    → Hosts: .1-.62,    Broadcast: .63
192.168.1.64/26   → Hosts: .65-.126,  Broadcast: .127
192.168.1.128/26  → Hosts: .129-.190, Broadcast: .191
192.168.1.192/26  → Hosts: .193-.254, Broadcast: .255

Finding Network and Broadcast Addresses

1. Convert IP and mask to binary
2. AND them together to get the network address
3. Set all host bits to 1 for broadcast address

Example: What network is 192.168.1.100/26 in?

IP:    192.168.1.100  = 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
Mask:  255.255.255.192 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
AND:   192.168.1.64   = 11000000.10101000.00000001.01000000

Network: 192.168.1.64
Broadcast: 192.168.1.127 (host bits all 1s)

Private Address Ranges

RFC 1918 defines private IP ranges not routed on the internet:

10.0.0.0/8      → 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0/12   → 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0/16  → 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Use these for internal networks. They're translated to public IPs via NAT at your router.

VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Masking

Real networks have different size requirements. VLSM lets you use different subnet sizes within the same network:

Engineering (50 hosts):  192.168.1.0/26   (62 usable)
Sales (25 hosts):        192.168.1.64/27  (30 usable)
Management (10 hosts):   192.168.1.96/28  (14 usable)
Server room (5 hosts):   192.168.1.112/29 (6 usable)

Always allocate largest subnets first to avoid fragmentation.

Common Subnet Sizes by Use Case

IPv6 Subnetting

IPv6 addresses are 128 bits, typically written in hex:

2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

Standard practice allocates /64 to each subnet (enormous host space). Organizations receive /48 or larger, giving 65,536 possible /64 subnets.

Tools for Subnetting

Manual calculation builds understanding, but use tools for accuracy:

Our Subnet Calculator provides:

• Network and broadcast addresses
• Usable host ranges
• Binary representations
• VLSM planning assistance

Input any IP and CIDR to instantly see all subnet details.

Key Takeaways

1. Subnet masks divide network and host portions
2. CIDR notation shows network bits (e.g., /24 = 24 network bits)
3. Usable hosts = 2^(host bits) - 2
4. Use VLSM for efficient allocation across different-sized networks
5. Private ranges (10.x, 172.16-31.x, 192.168.x) for internal networks

Subnetting is a core networking skill. Understanding it helps you design efficient networks, troubleshoot connectivity issues, and pass networking certifications.